New organism discovery could change the definition of life

Scientists have discovered a tiny new organism that could shake up our understanding of the boundary between life and non-life. Not quite a virus, not quite a living cell, this creature has characteristics that are a hybrid of both.

A microscopic organism has the potential to upset the way we understand the boundary between life and non-life - Photo: Jose A. Bernat Bacete

In a new study published on bioRxiv, a team of scientists led by Dr. Ryo Harada (Dalhousie University, Canada) accidentally discovered a strange creature while analyzing the DNA of marine plankton.

The new organism has been named Sukunaarchaeum mirabile , after a tiny deity in Japanese culture, reflecting its remarkable feature: it possesses one of the smallest genomes ever recorded in the biological world , measuring just 238,000 base pairs.

Between living and not living

Viruses are usually excluded from the “tree of life” because they cannot perform basic life functions such as protein synthesis on their own and rely on host cells. However, Sukunaarchaeum makes this boundary more ambiguous than ever.

Although it also depends on its host for energy and nutrients, the organism possesses a unique ability that viruses do not have: it can build its own ribosomes and synthesize mRNA, essential elements that help transcribe genes into proteins.

In other words, it is not quite a virus but not yet a complete living cell, a "suspended" state that makes scientists ask the question: what is life?

The genome of Sukunaarchaeum has been described as "extremely minimalist," lacking the usual metabolic cycles, focusing almost entirely on DNA replication, transcription, and translation, the three core pillars for survival.

“This organism carries virtually no genes beyond those required for its own gene replication and expression machinery,” the team wrote.

This shows that Sukunaarchaeum lives entirely on host cells, cannot synthesize nutrients or produce energy, but has its own "toolkit" to maintain its reproductive ability.

Accidental discoveries can change evolutionary history

Dr. Harada's team initially looked at the DNA of a species of marine plankton. However, during the analysis, they discovered a segment of genetic material that did not match any known organism.

After classification and comparison, they found that this organism belongs to the Archaea group, a group of ancient microorganisms, believed to be the ancestors of modern eukaryotic cells.

If this discovery is widely confirmed, Sukunaarchaeum could become a living demonstration of the transitional stage between inorganic matter and fully living cells, from "non-living" to "living".

The discovery of Sukunaarchaeum mirabile has reignited the age-old debate: "Where did life begin?".

With its characteristic of both having and not having typical life properties, this organism not only complicates biological classification but also lays the foundation for a complete rethinking of the concept of life in modern biology.

As the team concludes: "Nature does not obey the boundaries set by humans. Perhaps it is time for science to learn to adapt too."

MINH HAI

Source: https://tuoitre.vn/phat-hien-sinh-vat-moi-co-the-lam-thay-doi-dinh-nghia-ve-su-song-20250702095350914.htm